1800's
1800 – A schoolhouse and 350 acres was willed by Robert Pleasants for the benefit of African children in Virginia.
1801 - Abolition Society of Wilmington, DE held school one day a week for African children.
1807 - Quakers opened Adelphi School in Philadelphia for the Instruction of Poor Children.
1809 - Quakers and Abolitionists established Clarkson Hall, a school for African in Pennsylvania.
1810 - Union Society founded for the support of schools and domestic manufacturers, conducted three schools for African adults.
1816 - North Carolina Quakers established a school for Africans opened two days a week.
1820 - Boston opened its first primary school for Africans.
1823 - Mississippi passed legislation forbidding the education of enslaved and free Africans.
1829 – St. Frances Academy established for African girls in Baltimore.
1830 - Louisiana forbid the education of enslaved Africans.
1831 - North Carolina and Virginia outlawed the teaching of enslaved Africans.
1831 - Slave revolt led by Nat Turner.
1832 – In Canterbury, Connecticut, a Quaker woman named Prudence Crandall was mobbed for opening a school for African children.
1832 - Alabama outlawed the teaching of enslaved Africans.
1833 – Oberlin College, Ohio, opened. It was the first college to regularly admit Africans.
1835 – Noyes Academy, opened in Canaan, New Hampshire for Africans, was forced to close because of white opposition.
1837 – Institute for African children established in Cheyney, Pennsylvania.
1838 – 13 private schools for African children were located in Philadelphia.
1847 - African Methodist Episcopal Church opened Union Seminary in Ohio.
1848 – Ohio outlawed Africans and “mulattoes” attending school.
1849 – Allegheny Institute and Mission Church, later known as Avery College, was founded in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, for the education of Africans.
1852 – Delaware outlawed free school for nonwhites.
1852 – Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stow was published.
1856 - African Methodist Episcopal Church and Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University in Ohio.
1860 – Before the Civil War, there were about 487,970 free Africans, about 1/9 of the entire African population. Most lived in rural areas, but the educational opportunities were in the cities. There was record of 20 schools for Africans in Washington, DC and New Orleans before the Civil War. An estimated 4,000 free African children were enrolled in school in the slave states.
1861 – Beginning of Civil War.
1861 - Georgia declares itself out of the Union on January 19.
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln. - The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued on September 22, 1862 by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War, which declared the freedom of all enslaved Africans in such territory of the Confederate States of America as did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863.
1863 - The University of Georgia temporarily suspends classes, a move that lasts until January 3, 1866.
1865 –The Civil War ended.
1865 – 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution outlawed slavery in all states and territories.
1865 - 10% literacy rate in the African American community.
1867-1877 – Reconstruction. Carpetbag governments, mission societies, and Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for newly freed African Americans.
1868 – 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution ratified. It extended liberties and rights granted by the Bill of Rights to former slaves. It included the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses among others. It required states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions.
1868 - Though black Athenians in Georgia, like most black Southerners, preferred teaching and operating their own schools with little external control, they accepted support from the American Missionary Association (AMA) and the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1868 to open Athens’s first black school. The Knox School, later renamed Knox Institute and Industrial School, was named in honor of a Freedmen’s Bureau Agent named Major John J. Knox, who became famous after shooting an ex-Confederate soldier in the leg after a heated discussion about southern Reconstruction. The school was located on the corner of Reese and Pope Streets in Athens.
1868 - Two former slaves, Alfred Richardson and Madison Davis, are elected in April as the first two black men ever to represent Clarke County in the state legislature.
1870 - Because of Quaker influence, Pennsylvania legislature passed laws to provide for the education of the poor and advocates successfully campaigned for African American children to attend school with whites.
1870 - The 1870 census reports that 81% of African Americans in the US were illiterate (compared to 8.5% of white Americans); 9.1% of African American children attend school (compared to 50% of white Americans children).
1870 to 1880 - Rates of African American school attendance increased significantly.
1877 - Reconstruction ended, leading to the disenfranchisement of African American citizens in the South. This seriously affected school finances: local school property taxes were not used to fund schools for fear that the bulk of the money raised would fund African American schools. White-dominated school boards began using state school funds that had been allocated on the basis of the African American school population for use in white schools.
1881 – Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute.
1881 - The Jeruel Academy / Union Baptist Institute was founded at Landrum Chapel (Ebenezer Baptist Church, West) in Athens, Ga. by the Rev. Collins Henry Lyons and was the first school in Athens to be established by the Negro Baptists.
1886 - A new facility was constructed for the Jeruel Academy campus on the corner of Baxter and Pope street in Athens, Ga., which is now located on the University of Georgia campus. Here black youths were taught college preparatory courses in English, Greek, Latin, French, history, mathematics, public speaking, agriculture, sewing, cooking, music, and printing.
1880 – 1910 A “slowdown” in the racial convergence of the disparity between years of schooling attained for African American and white American children.
1890 - Jim Crow laws enacted throughout the nation.
1890 to 1910 - African American-to-white ratio of per pupil spending in the South declined.
1896 - Plessey v, Ferguson, U.S. Supreme Court decision sanctioned segregation, upholding separate but equal (i.e., dual) school systems.
1898 - Cummins v. Georgia determined that a Georgia school board was not obligated to open a public high school for African American children. If an African American child wished to go to high school but lived in a county without a public high school for African Americans, the family or child had to migrate to where one was located.
1800 – A schoolhouse and 350 acres was willed by Robert Pleasants for the benefit of African children in Virginia.
1801 - Abolition Society of Wilmington, DE held school one day a week for African children.
1807 - Quakers opened Adelphi School in Philadelphia for the Instruction of Poor Children.
1809 - Quakers and Abolitionists established Clarkson Hall, a school for African in Pennsylvania.
1810 - Union Society founded for the support of schools and domestic manufacturers, conducted three schools for African adults.
1816 - North Carolina Quakers established a school for Africans opened two days a week.
1820 - Boston opened its first primary school for Africans.
1823 - Mississippi passed legislation forbidding the education of enslaved and free Africans.
1829 – St. Frances Academy established for African girls in Baltimore.
1830 - Louisiana forbid the education of enslaved Africans.
1831 - North Carolina and Virginia outlawed the teaching of enslaved Africans.
1831 - Slave revolt led by Nat Turner.
1832 – In Canterbury, Connecticut, a Quaker woman named Prudence Crandall was mobbed for opening a school for African children.
1832 - Alabama outlawed the teaching of enslaved Africans.
1833 – Oberlin College, Ohio, opened. It was the first college to regularly admit Africans.
1835 – Noyes Academy, opened in Canaan, New Hampshire for Africans, was forced to close because of white opposition.
1837 – Institute for African children established in Cheyney, Pennsylvania.
1838 – 13 private schools for African children were located in Philadelphia.
1847 - African Methodist Episcopal Church opened Union Seminary in Ohio.
1848 – Ohio outlawed Africans and “mulattoes” attending school.
1849 – Allegheny Institute and Mission Church, later known as Avery College, was founded in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, for the education of Africans.
1852 – Delaware outlawed free school for nonwhites.
1852 – Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stow was published.
1856 - African Methodist Episcopal Church and Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University in Ohio.
1860 – Before the Civil War, there were about 487,970 free Africans, about 1/9 of the entire African population. Most lived in rural areas, but the educational opportunities were in the cities. There was record of 20 schools for Africans in Washington, DC and New Orleans before the Civil War. An estimated 4,000 free African children were enrolled in school in the slave states.
1861 – Beginning of Civil War.
1861 - Georgia declares itself out of the Union on January 19.
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln. - The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued on September 22, 1862 by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War, which declared the freedom of all enslaved Africans in such territory of the Confederate States of America as did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863.
1863 - The University of Georgia temporarily suspends classes, a move that lasts until January 3, 1866.
1865 –The Civil War ended.
1865 – 13th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution outlawed slavery in all states and territories.
1865 - 10% literacy rate in the African American community.
1867-1877 – Reconstruction. Carpetbag governments, mission societies, and Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for newly freed African Americans.
1868 – 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution ratified. It extended liberties and rights granted by the Bill of Rights to former slaves. It included the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses among others. It required states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions.
1868 - Though black Athenians in Georgia, like most black Southerners, preferred teaching and operating their own schools with little external control, they accepted support from the American Missionary Association (AMA) and the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1868 to open Athens’s first black school. The Knox School, later renamed Knox Institute and Industrial School, was named in honor of a Freedmen’s Bureau Agent named Major John J. Knox, who became famous after shooting an ex-Confederate soldier in the leg after a heated discussion about southern Reconstruction. The school was located on the corner of Reese and Pope Streets in Athens.
1868 - Two former slaves, Alfred Richardson and Madison Davis, are elected in April as the first two black men ever to represent Clarke County in the state legislature.
1870 - Because of Quaker influence, Pennsylvania legislature passed laws to provide for the education of the poor and advocates successfully campaigned for African American children to attend school with whites.
1870 - The 1870 census reports that 81% of African Americans in the US were illiterate (compared to 8.5% of white Americans); 9.1% of African American children attend school (compared to 50% of white Americans children).
1870 to 1880 - Rates of African American school attendance increased significantly.
1877 - Reconstruction ended, leading to the disenfranchisement of African American citizens in the South. This seriously affected school finances: local school property taxes were not used to fund schools for fear that the bulk of the money raised would fund African American schools. White-dominated school boards began using state school funds that had been allocated on the basis of the African American school population for use in white schools.
1881 – Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute.
1881 - The Jeruel Academy / Union Baptist Institute was founded at Landrum Chapel (Ebenezer Baptist Church, West) in Athens, Ga. by the Rev. Collins Henry Lyons and was the first school in Athens to be established by the Negro Baptists.
1886 - A new facility was constructed for the Jeruel Academy campus on the corner of Baxter and Pope street in Athens, Ga., which is now located on the University of Georgia campus. Here black youths were taught college preparatory courses in English, Greek, Latin, French, history, mathematics, public speaking, agriculture, sewing, cooking, music, and printing.
1880 – 1910 A “slowdown” in the racial convergence of the disparity between years of schooling attained for African American and white American children.
1890 - Jim Crow laws enacted throughout the nation.
1890 to 1910 - African American-to-white ratio of per pupil spending in the South declined.
1896 - Plessey v, Ferguson, U.S. Supreme Court decision sanctioned segregation, upholding separate but equal (i.e., dual) school systems.
1898 - Cummins v. Georgia determined that a Georgia school board was not obligated to open a public high school for African American children. If an African American child wished to go to high school but lived in a county without a public high school for African Americans, the family or child had to migrate to where one was located.