Primary Sources
Clark, L.S. (1914, May). The Knox Herald, Vol. 12, No. 3. [Paper pamphlet from the Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Ga]. Special Collections Hargrett Rare Books, RBV (LC 2851.G4.K6.V12.no.3). Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, GA.
- This complete copy of the Knox Herald seems to be a pamphlet containing information on the coming school year beginning in September of the year 1914. It contains information pertaining to opening days, the courses offered, the amenities available to the students, and a listing of the faculty and staff of the Knox Institute. The last page of the pamphlet contains two photographs of two industrial courses offered at Knox; a carpentry class for the male students and a sewing class for the female students.
First Congressional Church, Athens, Ga (1881-1903). First Congressional Church Record Book. Collection: First Congressional Church record book (68213, Box 1). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens Ga.
- The collection consists of a record book for the First Congregational Church (Athens, Ga.) from 1881-1903. The volume also contains a history of the church detailing its founding and organization, minutes, treasurer's reports, and records of baptisms. The First Congregational Church was an African American church organized in 1881. Services were held in the Knox Institute School House until 1890, when the church building was completed.
Knox, John (December 1867). Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Ga. Speech. John J. Knox Papers: Affidavit (68214, Box 1) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- John Knox was expelled from the state of Mississippi for being a Union supporter during the Civil War. Knox is also the man for whom the Knox Institute is named after. The John Knox papers include numerous speeches, the most relevant of which are two speeches given at the Knox Institute.
American Missionary Association, Congregational Home Missionary Society (1919). Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Georgia. L.S. Clark (Principle). The American Missionary, Volume 73. (pp. 423-424). American Missionary Association
- This source is an excerpt from the 1919 publication, The American Missionary, and dealt with the need for financial support for the Knox Institute and Industrial School in Athens, Ga. Pages 423 and 424 simply lay out the argument for the need of this school in this area given the fact that education for blacks in Georgia during this period was poorly funded and severely lacking in quality and support.
Secondary Sources
Thurmond, M. (2001) A Story Untold: Black Men and Women in Athens History. Athens, GA: The Green Berry Press.
- Thurmond’s book discusses the significant contributions the black community has made in the development of Athens as a successful and functioning city and community. With respect to this project, Thurmond discusses the post-Reconstruction rise of the desire for education which in turn contributes to the founding of the Knox Institute and Industrial School in 1868.
Knight, Monica Dellenberger (2007). SEEKING EDUCATION FOR LIBERATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK SCHOOLS IN ATHENS, GEORGIA FROM EMANCIPATION THROUGH DESEGREGATION. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia). Retrieved from https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/knight_monica_d_200708_phd.pdf
- As explained in her abstract, Knight’s dissertation “examines the development of the black schools of Athens from emancipation through school desegregation and depicts the roles that its private and public schools played in the social and economic progress of black Athenians. It uses historical ethnography to study the efforts of students, administrators, and educators such as Samuel F. Harris who have contributed to the landscape of Athens's black schools.” The portions of her dissertation we are concentrating on are the one’s concerning the Knox Institute (pages 42 to 48) and the Jeruel Academy (pages 50 to 59).
Hartshorn, William Newton (1910). Era of progress and promise, 1863-1910: the religious, moral, and educational development of the American Negro since his emancipation. (pg.110) Pricilla Publishing Company
- This source is an excerpt from the 1910 publication, Era of progress and promise, 1863-1910: the religious, moral, and educational development of the American Negro since his emancipation, that was a compilation of articles covering the many and varied African-American school that were started and run post-Civil War. Specifically, page 110 deals with a brief history of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga.
Rice, Marion J. (Sunday, October 28, 2001) Metamorphosis of the Clarke County public school system. Athens Banner-Herald
- Rice’s article offers a brief, historical discussion pertaining to the development of the education system in both Clarke County and Athens City schools. The time period Rice covers in his article ranges from the late 1800’s to the 1950’s. He discusses a brief background of the purpose of the founding of both the Knox Institute and Industrial School and the Jeruel Academy, both of which were significant institutions of private, black education in Athens.
Photographs
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Athens High and Industrial School, 1st Year, Mrs. A.M. Jones, teacher] (September 21, 1921). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA - Chi Phi House. (67393, Carton 1, Image Negative # 1376) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph is accompanied with little information as to what it is portraying. The back of the photograph is annotated with the date it was taken, the location (being Athens, Ga. Athens High and Industrial School), the teacher of the students being photographed, and the statement “1st Year”. It is unclear what “1st Year” means; possibly the first year the students in the photograph are attending Athens High; it could indicate the first graduating class of Athens High being that the school opened its doors in 1916, but this is unlikely because Athens High and Industrial was opened as a three year school.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Faculty. One is Principle John H. Brown (Front, Left)] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1519) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph portrays the faculty of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga. Including the Principle, John. H. Brown. This photo was taken at the academy in 1908 as part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Home of the Principle] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1510) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph shows the home of John H. Brown, the principle of the Jeruel Academy in 1908. This photo was taken as a part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Trustee] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1517) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph portrays an unnamed Trustee of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga. This photo was taken at the academy in 1908 as part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of the Knox Institute] (ca. 1920 – 1928). New Georgia Encyclopedia: Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. (Persistent link: http://georgiaencyclopedia.org/file/8065). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This black and white photograph contains what seems to be an entire student body posing for the photograph in front of the main building of the Knox Institute in Athens, Ga. There is no information as to the year the photograph was taken, but given the building in the background, it is thought to be dated between 1920 and 1928.
[Photograph of Athens High & Industrial School. Cooking School] (Undated). Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. (http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/athens/athens.html, Negative # 6938). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph contains the faculty and students of the Cooking School within the Athens High and Industrial School. There is no date associated with this online source and it listed by the Hargrett Rare Books and manuscripts library as being from the Athens High and Industrial School. However, it seems that the principle of the Jeruel Academy, Mr. John H. Brown is standing in the middle of the top row of this photograph.
[Photograph of the Knox Institute. Students and Faculty] (ca. 1900). Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library. (http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/athens/athens.html, Negative # 1837). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph contains the faculty and staff of the Knox Institute in Athens, Ga. Although there is no specific date associated with this photograph, it is thought to have been taken around 1900 and is identifiable by the main campus building shown in the background.
Clark, L.S. (1914, May). The Knox Herald, Vol. 12, No. 3. [Paper pamphlet from the Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Ga]. Special Collections Hargrett Rare Books, RBV (LC 2851.G4.K6.V12.no.3). Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, GA.
- This complete copy of the Knox Herald seems to be a pamphlet containing information on the coming school year beginning in September of the year 1914. It contains information pertaining to opening days, the courses offered, the amenities available to the students, and a listing of the faculty and staff of the Knox Institute. The last page of the pamphlet contains two photographs of two industrial courses offered at Knox; a carpentry class for the male students and a sewing class for the female students.
First Congressional Church, Athens, Ga (1881-1903). First Congressional Church Record Book. Collection: First Congressional Church record book (68213, Box 1). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens Ga.
- The collection consists of a record book for the First Congregational Church (Athens, Ga.) from 1881-1903. The volume also contains a history of the church detailing its founding and organization, minutes, treasurer's reports, and records of baptisms. The First Congregational Church was an African American church organized in 1881. Services were held in the Knox Institute School House until 1890, when the church building was completed.
Knox, John (December 1867). Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Ga. Speech. John J. Knox Papers: Affidavit (68214, Box 1) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- John Knox was expelled from the state of Mississippi for being a Union supporter during the Civil War. Knox is also the man for whom the Knox Institute is named after. The John Knox papers include numerous speeches, the most relevant of which are two speeches given at the Knox Institute.
American Missionary Association, Congregational Home Missionary Society (1919). Knox Institute and Industrial School, Athens, Georgia. L.S. Clark (Principle). The American Missionary, Volume 73. (pp. 423-424). American Missionary Association
- This source is an excerpt from the 1919 publication, The American Missionary, and dealt with the need for financial support for the Knox Institute and Industrial School in Athens, Ga. Pages 423 and 424 simply lay out the argument for the need of this school in this area given the fact that education for blacks in Georgia during this period was poorly funded and severely lacking in quality and support.
Secondary Sources
Thurmond, M. (2001) A Story Untold: Black Men and Women in Athens History. Athens, GA: The Green Berry Press.
- Thurmond’s book discusses the significant contributions the black community has made in the development of Athens as a successful and functioning city and community. With respect to this project, Thurmond discusses the post-Reconstruction rise of the desire for education which in turn contributes to the founding of the Knox Institute and Industrial School in 1868.
Knight, Monica Dellenberger (2007). SEEKING EDUCATION FOR LIBERATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLACK SCHOOLS IN ATHENS, GEORGIA FROM EMANCIPATION THROUGH DESEGREGATION. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia). Retrieved from https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/knight_monica_d_200708_phd.pdf
- As explained in her abstract, Knight’s dissertation “examines the development of the black schools of Athens from emancipation through school desegregation and depicts the roles that its private and public schools played in the social and economic progress of black Athenians. It uses historical ethnography to study the efforts of students, administrators, and educators such as Samuel F. Harris who have contributed to the landscape of Athens's black schools.” The portions of her dissertation we are concentrating on are the one’s concerning the Knox Institute (pages 42 to 48) and the Jeruel Academy (pages 50 to 59).
Hartshorn, William Newton (1910). Era of progress and promise, 1863-1910: the religious, moral, and educational development of the American Negro since his emancipation. (pg.110) Pricilla Publishing Company
- This source is an excerpt from the 1910 publication, Era of progress and promise, 1863-1910: the religious, moral, and educational development of the American Negro since his emancipation, that was a compilation of articles covering the many and varied African-American school that were started and run post-Civil War. Specifically, page 110 deals with a brief history of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga.
Rice, Marion J. (Sunday, October 28, 2001) Metamorphosis of the Clarke County public school system. Athens Banner-Herald
- Rice’s article offers a brief, historical discussion pertaining to the development of the education system in both Clarke County and Athens City schools. The time period Rice covers in his article ranges from the late 1800’s to the 1950’s. He discusses a brief background of the purpose of the founding of both the Knox Institute and Industrial School and the Jeruel Academy, both of which were significant institutions of private, black education in Athens.
Photographs
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Athens High and Industrial School, 1st Year, Mrs. A.M. Jones, teacher] (September 21, 1921). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA - Chi Phi House. (67393, Carton 1, Image Negative # 1376) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph is accompanied with little information as to what it is portraying. The back of the photograph is annotated with the date it was taken, the location (being Athens, Ga. Athens High and Industrial School), the teacher of the students being photographed, and the statement “1st Year”. It is unclear what “1st Year” means; possibly the first year the students in the photograph are attending Athens High; it could indicate the first graduating class of Athens High being that the school opened its doors in 1916, but this is unlikely because Athens High and Industrial was opened as a three year school.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Faculty. One is Principle John H. Brown (Front, Left)] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1519) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph portrays the faculty of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga. Including the Principle, John. H. Brown. This photo was taken at the academy in 1908 as part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Home of the Principle] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1510) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph shows the home of John H. Brown, the principle of the Jeruel Academy in 1908. This photo was taken as a part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of Athens, Ga. Jeruel Academy. Trustee] (1908). Georgia Photograph File: Athens, GA – Hodgson Brothers building. (67390, Carton 2, Negative # 1517) Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph portrays an unnamed Trustee of the Jeruel Academy in Athens, Ga. This photo was taken at the academy in 1908 as part of the record of the Clifton Conference that took place that same year.
[Photograph of the Knox Institute] (ca. 1920 – 1928). New Georgia Encyclopedia: Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. (Persistent link: http://georgiaencyclopedia.org/file/8065). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This black and white photograph contains what seems to be an entire student body posing for the photograph in front of the main building of the Knox Institute in Athens, Ga. There is no information as to the year the photograph was taken, but given the building in the background, it is thought to be dated between 1920 and 1928.
[Photograph of Athens High & Industrial School. Cooking School] (Undated). Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library. (http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/athens/athens.html, Negative # 6938). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph contains the faculty and students of the Cooking School within the Athens High and Industrial School. There is no date associated with this online source and it listed by the Hargrett Rare Books and manuscripts library as being from the Athens High and Industrial School. However, it seems that the principle of the Jeruel Academy, Mr. John H. Brown is standing in the middle of the top row of this photograph.
[Photograph of the Knox Institute. Students and Faculty] (ca. 1900). Hargrett Rare Books and Manuscript Library. (http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/selections/athens/athens.html, Negative # 1837). Hargrett Manuscripts, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Ga.
- This photograph contains the faculty and staff of the Knox Institute in Athens, Ga. Although there is no specific date associated with this photograph, it is thought to have been taken around 1900 and is identifiable by the main campus building shown in the background.